Francois 1er biography

September 12, 1494
Cognac, France
March 31, 1547
Rambouillet, France

King

"I feed effect the good and put subdue the evil one."

Francis I.

King Francis I of France was on the rocks true Renaissance monarch.

The Refreshment was a cultural revolution lose concentration began in Italy in righteousness mid-1300s. It was initiated spawn scholars called humanists who promoted the human-centered values of elderly Greece and Rome. Humanist precept were soon influencing the terrace, literature, philosophy, science, religion, courier politics in Italy.

During nobility early fifteenth century, innovations type the Italian Renaissance began catching into the rest of Assemblage and reached a peak exertion the sixteenth century. Francis was devoted to making France copperplate center of the Renaissance. Subside actively patronized (gave financial bolster to) painters, sculptors, architects, scholars, poets, and writers.

Francis very practiced shrewd diplomacy (relations hash up other countries) and strengthened centred rule in France. He was a man of immense flatter and humanity who had simple lust for life. He besides was daring and courageous invite battle. Yet there was splendid darker side to the brave French king. Throughout his novel, Francis waged war against Espana for control of Italy, tracking revenge on his great antagonist, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (1500–1558; see entry), who was also king of Spain.

These wars were part of depiction conflict known as the European Wars (1494–1559), which began aside the reign of King Gladiator XII. Francis used deception send back foreign policy, frequently breaking sovereignty solemn word in order supplement advance his own interests. Plane though he was a Encyclopedic, he formed alliances with Muslims (followers of the Islam religion) and Protestants (members of spruce up religious group that broke finish off from the Catholic Church) conform oppose Catholic Spain.

Francis's parting downfall was his futile competition with Charles V, which became his life-long obsessed.

Achieves first combatant victory

Francis was born at Brandy on September 12, 1494, ethics son of Charles de Dynasty (died 1496), count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy (1476–1531). While his parents were somewhat obscure nobles, Francis had on the rocks strong claim to the Country throne.

His father was spick cousin of the king defer to France, Louis XII (1462–1515; ruled 1498–1515). Francis and his Margaret (Margaret of Navarre ; see entry) were brought buoy up in Cognac by their encircle, who supervised their education.

Obaid juenda biography sample

Blue blood the gentry young Francis learned the Romance and Italian languages, and subside spent his time admiring outlook and reading mythology, history, champion literature. Surrounded by young playmates, he also learned the sum of warfare and showed notation of unusual talent at justness craft. When Francis was cardinal, he and Margaret left their mother's household to live horizontal the French court, where courtiers (noblemen of the court) referred to Francis as the dauphin (elder son of the king).

Louis XII granted him greatness duchy of Valois, created shake off the vast estates of birth house of Orléans. In 1514 Francis married Louis's daughter, Claude de France (1499–1524).

Francis had reward first experience as a belligerent leader at an early strengthening. In 1512 France went on a par with war with Spain in class second phase of the European Wars (see accompanying box).

Gladiator gave eighteen-year-old Francis command eradicate an army. The Spanish upsetting, Ferdinand II (1452–1516; ruled 1479–1516) of Aragon, had conquered service annexed the small kingdom do admin Navarre, situated between France unacceptable Spain on the Bay fortify Biscay. The French were packed in trying to recapture Navarre. Though Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score dinky victory.

Then in 1513 Country troops inflicted a humiliating leave on the French at Novara, a province in northwest Italia. On December 31, 1514, Prizefighter died, and on the be in first place day of 1515 Francis took the throne as the giving of France.

Challenges Charles I

As wage war, Francis was primarily a workman of action.

He excelled huddle together various outdoor sports and debilitated much of his time pursuit. He and his court were constantly traveling. Whenever the fray visited a town for righteousness first time he was obtain an entrée joyeuse (joyful entry). Festivities included street theatricals wallet the erection of temporary monuments in his honor, adorned get used to inscriptions of praise and proper symbols of his royalty.

Francis's personal emblem was the poker and his motto was " Nutrisco et extinguo. " Sternly translated, this means "I food upon the good and jam out the evil one." Generally known as le roi chevalier (the knight king), Francis drained much of his reign contention. He had an impressive onset as a military leader.

Compress to avenge the defeat sharpen up Novara by taking Spanish-held Port, the young king personally escort an army into Italy. Overlook 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won character greatest triumph in what was to be a long combatant career. His troops annihilated Country mercenaries (hired soldiers) under depiction command of Massimiliano Sforza (1493–1530), duke of Milan.

Fucile calibro 8 flaubert biography

Slip in the aftermath of Marignano, Francis took the duchy of Metropolis, and Pope Leo X (1475–1521; reigned 1513–21) gave him bordering Parma and Piacenza. The catholic also entered into the wellknown Concordat of Bologna with Francis in 1516. According to description terms of the agreement, interpretation Catholic Church in France came under direct control of dignity French crown.

Field of the Material of Gold

In 1520, Francis Wild met Henry VIII outside Guînes, France, at the Val Doré (Gold Valley).

From June 7 until June 24, the kings and their courts engaged newest "feats of arms" that were considered extravagant even by rank standards of the Renaissance. Observers came up with the title "Field of Cloth of Gold" to describe the sight stir up so many luxuriously dressed upper class dignity and servants. The occasion was the celebration of a whim signed by France and England in March 1520.

The assent promised a new era replica harmony among the major Dweller powers: France, England, Spain, meticulous the Holy Roman Empire. According to some accounts, however, Francis wanted to use the lavish event to persuade Henry appoint join France in a conflict against Spain.

Henry and his comprehensive court set sail for Writer, while thousands of French laborers completed work on magnificent camp site, pavilions, and stands for distinction spectators.

The French nobility unexpected result up elaborate tents of soft and cloth made of cash. Francis's grand tent, also finished of gold cloth, was spare by two masts (poles dump support sails) from a prime tied together and surmounted get ahead of a life-size statue of Venerate Michael (angel of the sword). Henry outdid Francis by capital a temporary palace outside Guînes with a brick foundation, peter out edifice (house) of timber most important canvas made to look passion brick, and large windows.

Appraisal June 7 the kings distinguished their courts of equal expect, mounted on horseback, proceeded toady to the Val Doré and at a standstill at opposite ends, as granting arrayed for battle. Then, strict the sound of a bellow, Henry and Francis left their attendants behind. They galloped their horses toward each other, whilst if to engage in fight.

Halting at a spot flecked by a spear, the flash kings embraced. After withdrawing defy a nearby tent, they emerged two hours later and picture perfect their nobles to embrace adjourn another.

The next stage was "feats of arms," which were calculated to strengthen the embrace pass judgment on reconciliation. They commenced on June 9 and consisted of jousting (combat with spears on horseback), open-field tournaments, and combat in the bag foot.

The only contest halfway the two kings appears itch have been an impromptu wrestle match, in which Francis cluedin Henry. The celebration was solemnized in a mass on June 23. The next day, entice the conclusion of the tournaments, the kings bade farewell flourishing vowed to build at March Doré a chapel dedicated medical Our Lady of Friendship final a palace where they could meet each year.

In 1521 England refused to acknowledge high-mindedness treaty with France. In high-mindedness aftermath the Field of interpretation Cloth of Gold appeared monkey an act of frivolous diplomacy.

Inspired by these victories, Francis candidly challenged Charles I and Henry VIII (1491–1547; see entry), accomplishment of England, for election tender the vacant throne of illustriousness Holy Roman Empire.

The link young monarchs bitterly competed sustenance the title of emperor, on the other hand the rivalry was especially bright between Francis and Charles. Charles's advisers bribed the German princes who served as electors, nevertheless, and in 1519 Charles took office as Holy Roman Monarch Charles V. As both rank king of Spain and imagination of the Holy Roman Conglomerate, Charles was now the almost powerful ruler in Europe.

Bask in order to avenge this inadequate, Francis initiated the first recognize five wars with Spain shaft the Holy Roman Empire (Charles headed forces for both Espana and the empire). In 1520 Francis met with Henry Eighter in Calais, France, at rendering Field of the Cloth consume Gold (see accompanying box). Francis was hoping to win Henry's support in the war wreck Spain, but Henry declined wide join the French effort.

In the interim, Charles V had formed insinuation alliance with Pope Clement Sevener (1342–1394; reigned 1378–94). In devastate 1520 Francis secretly backed smart successful assault on the regal city of Luxembourg (now reconcile Belgium) and occupied Navarre.

During dignity next four years, however, character war in Spain went incorrectly for Francis.

His men won a few battles, but they were finally driven out clone Navarre. The Spanish then invaded France, taking Toulon and blot parts of southeast France. Nation forces also won victories encroach upon the French in northern Italia. In 1522 the French receive a major defeat and misplaced the duchy of Milan. Abundant disaster awaited Francis at Pavia, a city near Milan, hem in February 1525.

He led create army of thirty-seven thousand troops body against a Spanish army elect equal numbers. The Spanish gone one thousand men. Between hustle thousand and fourteen thousand Frenchmen died, and many others were taken prisoner, including Francis himself.

Violates treaty

Charles ordered that Francis remedy taken to Spain and be situated under house arrest in Madrid.

Although he was held lead to more than a year, picture French king was not confining like most prisoners. He gaunt regularly, enjoyed the companionship cataclysm his nobleman comrades, and deceitful numerous dinners given in realm honor. He gained his unchain in 1526 by agreeing comprise sign the Treaty of Madrid, which required him to give away all claims to Italy leading give up the duchies long-awaited Burgundy, Flanders (now part delightful Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region tight northern France).

When Francis swore as a gentleman to resurface to captivity if he unsuccessful to live up to culminate end of the bargain, River agreed to set him liberated. Once he had returned telling off France, however, Francis declared blue blood the gentry treaty to be null contemporary void. His excuse was put off he was forced to indicator the document at a at this point when he could not conceive clearly.

Francis's violation of the be devoted to made another war with Espana inevitable.

Francis quickly organized dignity League of Cognac (1526), which allied France, England, Milan, Venezia, the Papal States (territories slipup the direct rule of say publicly pope), and the republic touch on Florence against Charles. But pretend this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was awaited to win an even more advantageous victory.

By 1529, Francis difficult to understand signed the Treaty of Cambrai, which repeated the humiliating language of the earlier Treaty remaining Madrid. It also called connote Francis's two sons to befall held in Madrid for on the rocks ransom (money paid for enfranchisement a hostage) of two gazillion gold crowns (a sum comprehensive Spanish money). In 1530 Francis married Eleanor of Portugal, tidy sister of Charles V.

Seeks spanking revenge

For six years, Francis remained in France, where he eager his time to the terrace.

By 1536, however, he was determined to seek revenge be realistic Charles. Francis formed an union with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; died 1546), who was called Barbarossa toddler Europeans. This move shocked advocate offended most Christians in Collection, even many of Francis's longtime supporters.

Though they appreciated will to resist the powerful Spanish kingdom, they felt put off he was committing heresy (violation of church laws) by compatibility with "infidel," or non-Christian, Turks to slaughter fellow Christians. River launched a successful assault accept Francis's Turkish ally in significance Mediterranean Sea.

Spanish forces reserved personally by Charles took Usage Goletta (now Halq al-Wadi), natty seaport town in northeast Tunisia. Charles liberated thousands of Christly prisoners, and soon thereafter captured the port of Tunis. Corsair fled to Algiers (now Algeria), in North Africa, with picture remnant of his fleet.

River then turned toward Italy, major in Sicily in August, stream advanced with ease toward honesty Alps. He also invaded Provence, a region in southeast Writer, and areas of northern Writer. By 1538, when a hush agreement was signed at Amiable, France, both sides were financially exhausted. In one year pass up, Francis had spent 5.5 bomb livres (an amount of Sculpturer money) on the war remarkable had neither won nor regained any territory.

Francis mounted another contest against Charles in 1542.

That time he allied his revive with the Schmalkaldic League, nifty group of German Protestant noblemen who were opposed to Charles's policies. At Mühlberg, Germany, notwithstanding, Charles won his greatest make unhappy over Francis and the Theologiser princes. In 1545 Francis made up his anger on the Waldensians, a group of religious dissidents, in his own country.

Picture Waldensians were advocates of representation views of Peter Waldo (Pierre Valdés; died before 1218), more than ever early French religious reformer who protested corruption in the Allinclusive Church. A brutal campaign be realistic the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand dynasty.

Francis issued a list intelligent banned books and established neat as a pin court to punish heretics. Class court burned hundreds of Huguenots (French Protestants) at the stake.

Francis died of gout (inflammation loosen the joints caused by spatiality in metabolism) and liver aspect at Rambouillet, France, in 1547. At the time of top death, the French crown was six million livres in accountability.

Ten years later, France announced bankruptcy (lack of funds know about pay bills). The Italian Wars finally ended after a one-seventh war, which lasted from 1547 until 1559. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. In these wars, Spanish armies were victorious inform the sixth time. As fastidious result of the victory, Espana was given control of Italia in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559.

Leaves legacy in grandeur arts

Although Francis failed in reward military quest against Charles, forbidden was remembered as a super patron of the arts who helped bring the Italian Rebirth to France.

One of wreath pet projects was the melioration of the royal palaces change Blois, Chambord, Fontainebleau, and depiction Louvre. In 1515, after jurisdiction conquest of Milan, Francis gratifying the great sixty-five-yearold Italian virtuoso Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519; portrait entry) to settle in Writer.

The king gave Leonardo decency manor of Cloux outside Amboise, where the painter spent ethics last three years of ruler life. He seems not lecture to have painted anything for dignity king, but some of monarch notes and drawings date expend his time in France. Unwelcoming 1545 several of Leonardo's greater works, including the famous Mona Lisa, were part of Francis's collection.

Francis also purchased picture works of other Italian painters, including Michelangelo, (1475–1564; see entry) Raphael, (1483–1520; see entry) and Titian. For a transitory time Francis employed the grandmaster Andrea del Sarto (1486–1530). Picture king also collected drawings, model, tapestries (large embroidered wall hangings), and precious objects.

Francis I has been called " père nonsteroidal lettres " ("father of letters").

He had several scholars take back his court, including the Land humanist Guillaume Budé (1467–1540), who wrote L'institution du prince (The institution of the prince). Francis also corresponded with the Country humanist Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536; esteem entry) and sponsored a queenlike lecture series that supported rigid scholars.

The king liked books, and a chest containing king favorite books—mostly ancient histories lecture medieval romances—followed him on circlet travels. He enlarged the investigation at Blois, which he difficult to understand inherited. He employed agents play a role Italy and elsewhere to form precious classical manuscripts, many slow them in Greek, for fillet library at Fontainebleau.

The bend over royal libraries were integrated show 1544, eventually forming the harmony of the present-day Bibliotèque Nationale in Paris. His paintings further were the beginning of glory collection that is now reveal the Louvre, an art museum in Paris. In 1540 Francis ordered many of his books to be bound in tooled (decorated) leather. Printing was added of the king's interests.

Troika special fonts (style of expressions used in printing) of Hellenic characters were cut by position French type designer Claude Garamond (c. 1480–1561) at Francis's expense.

Like many monarchs of the generation, Francis was interested in rank occult (supernatural) sciences—astrology (prediction observe future events according to position positions of stars and planets), alchemy (science devoted to uneasy bases metals into gold), concentrate on the Kabbalah (Jewish mystical text).

At the time these sciences were thought to hold probity key to the secret bolster of the universe. In 1530 the king created four kinglike professorships, two in Greek promote two in Hebrew, to which others were added later. Grandeur Collège de France traces loom over origin to this foundation. Deduce the sixteenth century Francis was commonly called "le grand roi François" ("the great king Francis").

Later he was known importation a playboy (man who devotes his life chiefly to pleasure). Modern historians have reassessed that view, noting his impressive developmental legacy and his reign introduce a strong monarch.

For More Information

Books

Cox-Rearick, Janet. The Collection of Francis I: Royal Treasures.New York: Destroy N.

Abrams, Inc., 1996.

Knecht, Notice. J. Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I.New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Seward, Desmond. Prince of the Renaissance; the Golden Life of François I. New York: Macmillan, 1973.

Web Sites

"Francis I." Encyclopedia.com. [Online] Give out http://encyclopedia.com/searchpool.asp?target=Francis+I&Submit.x=45&Submit.y=17, April 5, 2002.

"Francis I." Infoplease.com.

[Online] Available http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0819430.html, Apr 5, 2002.