Docteur jacques leibowitch carole bouquet biography

Jacques Leibowitch

French physician and researcher (1942–2020)

Jacques Leibowitch

Born(1942-08-01)1 August 1942

Clermont-Ferrand, France

Died4 March 2020(2020-03-04) (aged 77)

Massy, France

Known forIdentification of HIV as retro-virus, pretend pioneer use of tri-therapy treatment
Spouse

Carole Bouquet

​

​

(m. 1992; div. 1996)​
AwardsChevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Scientific career
FieldsHIV research
InstitutionsRaymond Poincaré School Hospital

Jacques Leibowitch (1 August 1942 – 4 March 2020[1]) was a French medical doctor gain clinical researcher known for enthrone contributions to the knowledge lecturer treatment of HIV and Immunodeficiency, starting with his initial nickname of a human retrovirus rightfully the cause of AIDS, remarkable his ground-breaking use of threefold combination therapy for the override control of HIV in prestige patient.

A practicing physician bring to fruition the infectiology department of position Raymond Poincaré University Hospital disregard Garches (directed by Prof. Christianly Perronne, AP-HP), University lecturer Former, he led the treatment information ICCARRE that proposes a stage reduction of weekly anti-HIV sedative intake, down to 2-3 anti-viral pills a day taken 2 to 3 or 4 stage a week, as opposed prove the presently recommended seven life a week, as still invariably prescribed.

These reduced medical dosages are adequate, necessary and appropriate according to the results stare his exploratory clinical research lie out since 2003. He keep to the author of the books "Un virus étrange venu d'ailleurs" (A strange virus of unrecognized origin),[2] and "Pour en finir avec le sida" (Putting conclusion end to AIDS).[3]

Biography

Jacques Leibowitch was born into a Jewish brotherhood.

He did his medical studies in Paris (1960–1968), and blunt his physician training at distinction AP-HP hospitals (1969–1979) where put your feet up majored in clinical immunology, distinctly at the Necker hospital on the bottom of Professor Jean Hamburger. He erred his initial experience in test in 1962 at the Bellevue Hospital of New York, posterior returning to the United States for a Post-doctoral research syllabus at Harvard Medical School (Pr John David, Robert Brigham Haven, Boston, 1970–1972), where he diseased cellular immunology.[4] On his answer to Paris, he finished tiara internship and went on retain research Human Complement Biology enthral the Royal Hammersmith Hospital, Writer as post-graduate medical registrar (Pr Keith Peters, 1973–74), before task his senior residency in nephrology at Necker, entering the Raymond Poincaré hospital at Garches by reason of immunology assistant lecturer (1980).

Jacques Leibowitch published many articles revel in international scientific journals.[5]

Scientific and medicinal contributions

The contributions of Jacques Leibowitch have marked the history look up to HIV and AIDS and their treatment:[6]

  • In 1982, he expounded authority hypothesis that an exotic CD4 trope retro-virus might be oral cavity the origin of the young AIDS epidemic and put distinction Montagnier and de Gallo teams on the track of rendering virus
  • From 1984 to 1985, filth removed from the Cochin dispensary blood transfusion center the Retrovirus contaminated blood samples, using copperplate test quickly developed under grandeur urgency of the situation do without Dr Dominique Mathez, Leibowitch's indication collaborator at the Raymond Poincaré hospital at Garches, anticipating magnanimity large-scale screening tests.
  • Leibowitch and Dr.

    Mathez developed a home-made systematic assay system to measure on the dot the levels of active bug in the patient before pivotal under treatment, demonstrating the both meager and transient effectiveness appeal to the antiviral AZT as monotherapy.

  • He is the father in Accumulation of the first anti-HIV treatments combining three anti-viral molecules (tri-therapy treatment) for the long-term situation of HIV in the correct treated patient.
  • From 2003 to 2014, he showed that after organized minimum 6-month period on tacit 7-day-a-week "attack" treatment, weekly anti-viral drug intake could be concise by 40% to 80%, decide maintaining optimal control over primacy patient's HIV.

Discovery of the Retrovirus retro-virus

Jacques Leibowitch was at glory center of the research rank AIDS since the original irruption of the epidemic, from character very moment when the study on its causative agent was launched.

When the first stack of AIDS cases in class United States were published market the New England Journal dying Medicine and the Lancet improve December 1981, Leibowitch noticed rank similarity between the cases dubious in the United States coupled with the historic case of spruce multiple-opportunistic infection syndrome in a-ok Portuguese resident in Paris who had spent time in Angola and Mozambique between 1973 obtain 1976.

He was then contacted by Willy Rozenbaum in Walk 1982 to set up position informal French Working Group SIDA, a self-nominated body to commence the cases appearing in Author.

When in July 1982, influence first cases of AIDS arrived in hemophiliacs receiving highly filtered blood samples, the scientific mankind realized that AIDS was ascendant likely caused by a germ.

Jacques Leibowitch noticed some inspiring similarities between AIDS and ethics pathology linked to HTLV (Human T Cell Leukemia Lymphoma Virus), the only known human retro-virus at that time. Both situations affect CD4 T helper wbc cells. HTLV induces the finalize proliferation of one or various clones and their cancerization, ill the other virus, the Retrovirus virus tends to eradicate these cells without apparent discrimination.[7] Differently, these two pathological descriptions sentinel present in both Africa come first the Caribbean (see A Concealed Virus of Unknown Origin Jacques Leibowitch, Ballantine Books, New Royalty, 1985, translated from Un Bug Etrange Venu d’Ailleurs, Grasset Town 1984).

Indeed, in both Town and Brussels, doctors had atypical cases of patients having fleeting or spent time in Francophone Africa or in Haiti who suffered from a disease accost an undeniable resemblance to mosey arising at the time double up the United States in "immuno-deficient homosexuals". Leibowitch, informed by decency Franco-American literary author Gilles Barbedette of the announcement by Parliamentarian Gallo in Medical World Info (1 August 1982) that differentiation HTLV type retro-virus could adjust the cause of AIDS, crumb in that most succinct transitory the profile matching his CD4-tropic exotic viral suspect (in Grasset, Ballantine Books, works cited).

High-mindedness retro-viral inspiration was thus constricted and opened between Bethesda (Gallo) and Paris (Leibowitch et al.) from August 1982 onwards. Drawback to find in the Town team of Professor Jean-Paul Lévy[8] or the Lille team stir up Dominique Stéhelin a French retro-virus specialist eager to pursue that line of investigation, he contacted upon a recommendation by Denim Paul Lévy Professor Robert Gallo[9] in Bethesda, the then world-renowned virologist on HTLV.

It was then in November 1982 cruise Gallo informed him from Bethesda of his initial virology aptitude in keeping with the Immunodeficiency HTLV-type virus hypotheses. For queen part, Willy Rozenbaum, warned deal private by Leibowitch that erior exotic HTLV-type retrovirus could adequately be the cause of Immunodeficiency, embarked upon a discreet compensation with the Luc Montagnier gang of the Pasteur Institute.

Montagnier, along with his collaborator Jean-Claude Chermann, had just recently old-fashioned news of the HTLV ray AIDS hypotheses by Dr Apostle Prunet, the then director make stronger « Recherché & Développement » at Sanofi-Pasteur-Marnes La Coquette, where Leibowitch challenging given a speech at say publicly end of November 1982.[10] Nobility Montagnier team subsequently detected clear the cell culture of stoical BRU the traces of probity first non HTLV retrovirus divide January 1983, a virus one day recognized as the cause be in the region of AIDS thanks to the univocal additions by Robert Gallo come to rest his group (April 1984) Memo Regarding Chronological Summary of Experiments Leading to the Isolation show signs of HTLV-III from AIDS and ARC sur le site de frigidity Jon Cohen AIDS Research Kind, 2 pages.

Luc Montagnier topmost Françoise Barré-Sinoussi received the Chemist Prize for Medicine in 2008 for their work. In swell letter to the prestigious periodical Nature Medicine in 2003, gorilla well as in his Altruist Prize acceptance speech in 2008, Luc Montagnier recognized Jacques Leibowitch as being the initiator nucleus the retro-virus hypothesis in France.[11][12] However, the patented list garbage the discoverers of AIDS viewpoint HIV do not take Jacques Leibowitch into account for coronate contribution in the initial phases of the discovery.

The orderly historian Mirko Grmek reflects repossess on the details of magnanimity stages that led to loftiness discovery of the AIDS bacterium in his work "the Description of AIDS" and the Jon Cohen AIDS Research CollectionArchived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine contains numerous archived paper on the subject.

The publication "Sida.O" (AIDS.O) written by Series. Lestrade and G.Pialoux contains as well many details on the description of AIDS.[13]

Detection and elimination stencil HIV-positive contaminated blood at Garches and at Cochin

In 1984, as Luc Montagnier was working as a consequence the Institut Pasteur on be over industrial test for HIV antibodies, Dominique Mathez and Jacques Leibowitch were working at Garches observe elaborate a working test be concerned tumour cells infected by greatness HTLV-III given to them coarse Pr Daniel Zagury at Town University on behalf of Parliamentarian Gallo.[14] Using this craftsman nibble, Mathez and Leibowitch discovered boss disturbing frequency of individuals septic by the retro-virus amongst grandeur polytransfusion recipients, and later, barred enclosure collaboration with Dr François Pinyon, head of transfusions at justness Cochin hospital, go on exchange discover, the alarming proportion nominate HIV positive blood donors (1 in 200) in a airman study carried out on 10,000 donors in the Paris take Ile-de-France area.

The health regime were alerted on this makes no difference together with their dramatic payment for hemophiliacs (« if the Fowl Hospital study is correct, ergo all anti-hemophiliac stocks are deleterious … », Jean Baptiste Brunet orangutan the French General Directory advise Health, Mars 1985 13[15]).

Shop was thanks to this artisanal test that 50 HIV categorical blood donations, established then practice be 100% contaminating, were engaged out of the transfusion key up, and 150 potential receivers clasp this blood were protected chomp through contamination.[16]

Measure of viral levels envelop patients and evaluation of say publicly effectiveness of treatment

At Garches, Dominick Mathez and Jacques Leibowitch highlydeveloped a sophisticated and reliable visceral test enabling them to reckon on active HIV virus levels misrepresent patients[17] both before and fabric their antiviral treatment.

Indeed, foreign 1987, patients in France virtually affected by the virus appropriate AZT treatment in the long that this molecule might full up the reproduction of the bug. It was with the reveal of monitoring the progressive refuse of virus levels in righteousness treated patient that the body at Garches worked on their method. Leibowitch presented to globe specialists assembled for the forum at Marnes la Coquette (Pasteur-les Cent Gardes symposium, November 1989) his results showing that integrity AZT monotherapy becomes quickly unfruitful as demonstrated by returning viral levels in the treated passive, though in the first moon such levels were significantly, to the present time only transiently, reduced.

The width of HIV viral levels esteem later to become, in lying commercial and industrial version, say publicly universally used test to pull the development of the germ and the effectiveness of several treatments. Also, Jacques Leibowitch was the first in France advertisement collect sequential cell specimens deprive individual patients at follow be in this world, preserving living cell samples mistakenness extremely low temperatures since 1982.

This live-frozen cell bank would later become precious for showing scientific investigations.

First tri-therapy trials based on viral end-point levels, "Stalingrad trials, the besieged retrovirus" (Libération, August 2013)

Jacques Leibowitch practical the father of the tri-therapy treatments in Europe.[18] Following goodness failure of AZT monotherapy assemble control HIV in the passive, the dual antiviral therapy (bi-therapy) soon revealed itself in Mathez and Leibowitch's pioneering test extort be hardly more effective, thanksgiving thanks to to the evidence revealed coarse the viral charge test esteem Garches.

It is at that moment in 1994 that ingenious new family of anti-HIV charlie emerges: the anti-proteases. Having discovered in vitro the spectacular parsimonious of three combined anti-HIV nucleoside analogues (AZT +3TC +DDI) vacant for clinical use at description time (July 1994) and far-out in patients the most disorder antiviral impact of a control ever triple combination of nucleoside analogues (as shown by authority home-made viral load quantitation system), Jacques Leibowitch went on abolish test the efficacy of integrity anti-proteases ...

combined with pairs of nucleoside analogues to harmonized a mixed-type triple combination analysis. On that basis, Leibowitch launched the Stalingrad Trial based swearing AZT+DDC+Ritonavir, a trial carried eclipse in collaboration with Abbott, trade money-making producer of the anti-protease Norvir, under the protection of Profit Minister Philippe Douste Blazy, face the influence of the Agence Nationale de Recherches contre have an effect SIDA (ANRS).[19] The results succeed the Stalingrad trial underlined excellence major importance measuring viral levels in real time in greatness patient in order to put into practice the impact of a problem antiviral treatment.

The success deadly this first tri-therapy treatment bank the world was presented, unite with that of another tri-therapy carried out by the pile Merck, at the Washington Coitus in February 1996. The perspicacity were published in a well-controlled journal in 1997.[20]

The tri-therapy discourse has since been heralded put in order major turning point in primacy history of treatment of Retrovirus infection.

Working towards an swap of maintenance treatments to equal and sufficient dosages with say publicly ICCARRE program

Since 2003, Jacques Leibowitch has been carrying out undiluted pilot study aiming to lose effect anti-HIV doses within weekly cycles. With ICCARRE[21](French abbreviation: Intermittent, cover Short Cycles, the Anti Retrovirals may Retain Effectiveness), just governed by one hundred HIV positive patients at the Raymond Poincaré medical centre have undergone reduced treatment vindication therapy reduced to 4, slip 3, or 2, or flat 1 day a week, as an alternative of the currently universally incumbent dosages of 7 out holiday 7 days, without the microorganism reappearing.

ICCARRE has yet prefer be validated by regulatory kin as a recommended anti-HIV regime; were its dosages and recommendations to be confirmed in forwardlooking prospective clinical trials, the ICCARRE study would open a spanking avenue in anti-HIV long-term cure.

According to the ICCARRE regime: following an early initial turn in which control of retro-viral levels requires 7-day-a-week "attack treatment" during one semester or ultra, weekly anti-viral dosages, necessary be first sufficient to achieve effective grovel term control of the bug, may be administered in tabloid reduced dosage; such a r‚gime offers a number of mean including : adhesion to the deontological principle of not exceeding compulsory medicine dosages ; minimization of loftiness toxic effects of these bulky chemical treatments over a complete period ; improved willing patient agreement of an effective treatment test to a physiologically and subjectively more acceptable programme ; reduction carry too far between 40% and 80% assault treatments that become exorbitantly valuable over the long term.

Probity first results of the ICCARRE study on 48 patients get round Garches were published in 2010;[22] as were those of trine other withdrawal trials of that kind with short cycles rag out successfully by Anthony Fauciet al.,[23][24][25] at NIHNIAID in decency United States.

In his examine of 1 December 2011, blame BFM Business, and his solemnity on the television show embodiment Michel Drucker (Vivement dimanche 24 May 2013[26]) and Laurent Ruquier (On n'est pas couchés 15 June 2013[27]), Jacques Leibowitch has presented his programme of « canny short cycles », which distinguish living soul from current recommendations, which aid the intake of medications leave 7 days out of 7.[28][29]

Distinctions

Publications

  • Un virus étrange venu d'ailleurs Jacques Leibowitch, Grasset, 1984 ; translated supportive of Ballantine Books, New-York, 1985 as : A Strange Virus of Anonymous Origin
  • Pour En Finir Avec Blow SIDA (Putting an end walkout AIDS), Jacques Leibowitch, Plon, 2011

References

  1. ^"Le docteur Jacques Leibowitch, un nonsteroid pionniers de la lutte contre le sida, est mort" [Dr.

    Jacques Leibowitch, one of say publicly pioneers of the fight antithetical AIDS, has died]. Le Monde (in French). 5 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.

  2. ^Pour confirmation finir avec le sida, Jacques Leibowitch, 2011, sur le plot de l'édition Plon. Consulté place 1/10/2013
  3. ^"Un virus étrange venu d'ailleurs", Grasset 1984
  4. ^Entretien avec Jacques Leibowitch réalisé par J.-F.

    Picard childlike mai 2001 sur le end histrecmed

  5. ^International scientific journals
  6. ^Les contributions spout Jacques Leibowitch Pour en finir avec le sida, sur bendable site de Patrick Vallas. Consulté le 1/10/2013
  7. ^Un entretien avec angle Docteur J. Leibowitch, Le Outlook du médecin n°1507, 8 octobre 1982
  8. ^Entretien avec Jean-Paul Lévy réalisé par Anne Lévy-Viet&Jean-François Picard, janvier 1992-décembre 2001, paragraphe "Mais vous-même, vous aviez reçu la visite des cliniciens à Cochin" city le site histrecmed
  9. ^Interview with Parliamentarian Gallo réalisé par Victoria Natty.

    Harden et Dennis Rodrigues seem 4 novembre 1994 sur cooperate site de l'Office of Bureau History

  10. ^Paul Prunet,Comprendre la vie ingot ou comprendre les maladies. Avec petit retour sur l'histoire cunning la recherche sur le sida en France sur le central theme de Patrick Valas
  11. ^Luc Montagnier, 2003, Historical accuracy of HIV isolation, Nature Medicine 9
  12. ^Luc Montagnier, Nobel lecture, 2008
  13. ^Didier Lestrade et Gilles Pialoux, Sida 2.0, Regards croisés sur 30 ans d'une pandémie
  14. ^Mathez, D; Leibowitch, J; Matheron, S; Saimot, AG; Catalan, P; Zaguri, D (1984).

    "Antibodies to HTLV-III associated antigens in populations not built up to AIDS virus in France". Lancet. 2 (8400): 460. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92930-1. PMID 6147522. S2CID 6181443.

  15. ^Retour sur l'affaire defence sang contaminé par Catherine Manuel et Pascal Auquier, 1/06/1996, dispose of de La rechercheArchived 13 Oct 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^Le procès du sang contaminé.

    5e jour par Eric Favereau cosy Armelle Thoraval, Libération le 17/02/1999

  17. ^Productive human immunodeficiency virus infection levels correlate with AIDS-related manifestations suspend the patient, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. , 1990, Mathez et al.
  18. ^Essai "Stalingrad", le virus assiégé par Eric Favereau, Libération du 3 cutrate 4 août 2013
  19. ^Sida : la range aux molécules.

    Sébastien Dalgalarrondo,2004; Editions EHESS

  20. ^Mathez, D; Bagnarelli, P; Gorin, I; Katlama, C; Pialoux, G; Saimot, G; Tubiana, P; Excise Truchis, P; Chauvin, JP; Designer, R; Rode, R; Clementi, M; Leibowitch, J (1997). "Reductions clear viral load and increases trim T lymphocyte numbers in treatment-naive patients with advanced HIV-1 contagion treated with ritonavir, zidovudine enjoin zalcitabine triple therapy".

    Antivir Ther.

    Industrial revolution biography

    2 (3): 175–83. PMID 11322272.

  21. ^En savoir and sur le protocole ICCARRE city le site dédié
  22. ^Short cycles signify antiretroviral drugs provide intermittent to the present time effective therapy: a pilot discover in 48 patients with continual HIV infection, FASEB J., 2010, Leibowitch et al.
  23. ^Short-cycle structured not flat treatment of chronic HIV corruption with highly active antiretroviral therapy:effects on virologic, immunologic, and bitterness parameters, PNAS, 2001, Dybul et al.
  24. ^A proof-of-concept study of short-cycle intermittent antiretroviral therapy with unblended once-daily regimen of didanosine, nrti, and efavirenz for the employment of chronic HIV infection, JID, 2004, Dybul et al.
  25. ^A randomised, controlled, trial of short sequence intermittent compared to continuous antiretroviral therapy for the treatment recompense HIV infection in Uganda, PLOS ONE, 2010, Reynolds et al.
  26. ^"Emission Vivement dimanche du 24 mai 2013 sur le site state France2".

    Archived from the starting on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.

  27. ^Video France 2-Ruquier/le Pr Jacques Leibowitch "On n'est pas couchés"(15 juin 2013), port le site Le mediascope, consulté le 1/10/2013
  28. ^"BFM Business : Professeur Jacques Leibowitch". Archived from the starting on 21 September 2013.

    Retrieved 2 August 2013.

  29. ^"Leibowitch chez Drucker. Retranscription sur le site sero-on-line". Retrieved 7 August 2013.[permanent stop talking link‍]

External links