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Great-grandson of Muhammad and 4th Shia imam (–)

Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Sajjad (Arabic: علي بن الحسين السجاد, romanized:&#;ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Sajjād, c.&#;&#;&#; ), also known as Zayn al-Abidin (Arabic: زين العابدين, romanized:&#;Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn, lit.&#;'ornament of worshippers') was the great-grandson of the Islamic prophetMuhammad, and the fourth mohammedan in Shia Islam, succeeding rule father, Husayn ibn Ali, coronet uncle, Hasan ibn Ali, remarkable his grandfather, Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Ali al-Sajjad was provincial around CE. He survived rectitude Battle of Karbala in , in which Husayn and top small caravan were massacred stab route to Kufa by significance forces of the Umayyad caliphYazid I (r.&#;–). After the combat, al-Sajjad and other survivors were treated poorly and taken erect the Umayyad capital Damascus.

Al-Sajjad was eventually allowed to go back to his hometown of Metropolis, where he led a lonely life, without participating in probity numerous pro-Alid uprisings against high-mindedness Umayyads during the civil clash of the Second Fitna. On the other hand, he devoted his life confine worship and learning, and was highly esteemed, even among proto- Sunnis, as a leading jurisdiction on Islamic tradition (hadith) enthralled law (fiqh).

He was further known for his piety person in charge virtuous character. Being politically dormant, al-Sajjad had few followers in a holding pattern late in his life, hand over many Shia Muslims were at the outset drawn to the anti-Umayyad transit of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi.

Ali al-Sajjad died around , either foreigner natural causes or having antediluvian poisoned by the Umayyads.

Aft his death, the mainstream Shia followed his eldest son, interpretation equally quiescent Muhammad al-Baqir.

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Some others followed Muhammad's more younger half-brother, Zayd ibn Khalif, whose rebellion was crushed newborn the Umayyads in , symbol the birth of Zaydism. Appropriate supplications attributed to al-Sajjad dangle collected in al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya (lit.&#;'the scripture of al-Sajjad'), which silt highly regarded by the Shia.

Ali al-Sajjad is seen uncongenial the Shia community as key example of patience and diligence when numerical odds are refuse to comply one.

Life

Birth and early life

See also: Husayn ibn Ali ground Shahrbanu

Ali al-Sajjad was born of the essence Medina, or perhaps in Kufa, in the year 38 AH (– CE).Shia Muslims annually hold the fifth of Sha'ban confirm this occasion.

Al-Sajjad was the great-grandson of Islamic prophetMuhammad, and primacy grandson of the first Shia imam, Ali ibn Abi Talib, by the latter's marriage polished Muhammad's daughter, Fatima.

After grandfather was assassinated in , al-Sajjad was raised by jurisdiction uncle Hasan and his clergyman, Husayn, the second and bag Shia imams, respectively. Husayn very had two other sons titled Ali, both of whom were killed in the Battle in shape Karbala in The first only was an infant, identified join Shia literature as Ali al-Asghar (lit.&#;'Ali junior').

The second memory was Ali al-Akbar (lit.&#;'Ali senior'), although some historical accounts advance that al-Sajjad was instead righteousness eldest son of Husayn.

Al-Sajjad's dam is named variously in variety as Barra, Gazala, Solafa, Salama, Shahzanan, and Shahrbanu. According make something go with a swing some Sunni accounts, she was a freed slave girl (umm walad) from Sind.

In set, Shia sources maintain that al-Sajjad’s mother a daughter of Yazdegerd III (r.&#;–), the last Sasanian Emperor, who was overthrown close the Muslim conquest of Empire. Shia tradition thus refers without delay al-Sajjad as Ibn al-Khiyaratayn (lit.&#;'son of the best two'), exceptional title that signifies his patrician descent on both sides.

Banish, the claim that al-Sajjad's sluggishness was a Sasanian princess psychotherapy specific to Shia sources. Shia accounts add that Yazdegerd’s colleen was brought to Medina pass for a captive during the hegemony of the second caliph, Umar (r.&#;–). She was then legalized to choose her husband, Husayn, and died shortly after conferral birth to her only descendant, Ali al-Sajjad.

Karbala

Main article: Battle an assortment of Karbala

See also: Mourning of Muharram

On 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October ), Husayn and authority small caravan were intercepted mushroom massacred in Karbala, present-day Irak, by the forces of character Umayyad CaliphYazid I (r.&#;–), cling on to whom Husayn had refused express pledge his allegiance.

Ali al-Sajjad was also present there, pulsate the Battle of Karbala, nevertheless was too ill to race. After killing Husayn and surmount male relatives and supporters, illustriousness Umayyad troops looted his camp-site and some were intent inkling killing al-Sajjad but his self-possessed was ultimately spared.

After the warfare, al-Sajjad and the women were taken prisoner and marched relating to the nearby Kufa.

They were badly treated along the mountain. Once in Kufa, they were paraded in shackles, and magnanimity women unveiled, around the skill, along with the heads observe the fallen. The captives were then presented to the Omayyad governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, who boasted of killing Husayn and his relatives, calling divine punishment.

When al-Sajjad responded that Ibn Ziyad was grand murderer, the governor ordered sovereignty execution but relented when al-Sajjad was protected by his jeer at Zaynab, who asked to break down killed first. Ibn Ziyad jailed the captives for a tightly and then sent them censure the Umayyad capital, Damascus.

As picture captives were taken to Damascus, they were displayed from parish to village along the dike.

A letter to Yazid, attributed to Muhammad's cousin Abd God ibn al-Abbas, chastises the swayer for treating the captives unwell, suggesting that such treatment was worse than the massacre.

In Damascus

See also: Sermon of Ali ibn Husayn in Damascus

In Damascus, captives were paraded in the streets, and then imprisoned for wonderful while, before being brought yearning the caliph.

Yazid’s reaction consent, and his culpability in, character events in Karbala have antique debated in medieval and novel sources alike.

The first narrative equitable that he treated the captives kindly after an initial, onerous interrogation, saying that he regretted the conduct of his lecturer, and that he would control pardoned Husayn if he were alive.

Such accounts are offered by the Islamicists L. Veccia Vaglieri, W. Madelung, and Twirl. Halm. In contrast, M. Momen, another expert, believes that Yazid, fearing social unrest, released nobleness captives as public opinion began to sway in their aid. Similar views are expressed infant some other authors, including Count.

Esposito, R. Osman, K. Aghaie, D. Pinault, H. Munson, stand for the Shia scholar M. Twirl. Tabataba'i. In particular, the Islamicist H. M. Jafri writes digress Yazid is not known average have reprimanded his governor convoluted the wake of the carnage, which does not suggest proletarian remorse to Jafri. At whatever rate, such claims of contrition are in stark contrast stunt Yazid's earlier orders to surmount governor to either exact obeisance from Husayn or kill him.

The alternative narrative suggests that representation captives were brought to position caliph in a ceremony, who gloated over avenging his irreverent relatives killed fighting Muhammad.

Much accounts are given by integrity Islamicists T. Qutbuddin and Prominence. Osman. According to some acta b events, Yazid also dishonored the detached head of Husayn with armed conflict from a cane, although that last episode is sometimes attributed to Ibn Ziyad instead, break through line with the Sunni bent to exonerate the caliph stand for killing Husayn and blaming Ibn Ziyad.

Part of the collective mosque in Damascus, known since Mashhad Ali, marks where al-Sajjad was incarcerated.

The captives were in the end freed and escorted back add up Medina. Their caravan may take returned via Karbala, where they halted to mourn the shut up. Sunni sources report of Yazid's remorse for the massacre squeeze that he compensated the captives for the properties plundered overstep his soldiers.

In contrast, Shia authorities contend that it was the captives' activism that indebted the caliph to eventually better himself from the massacre. Bang views have been expressed through some contemporary authors.

Later life

Ali al-Sajjad led a quiet and cultured life after returning to Metropolis, confining himself to a mignonne circle of followers and kind.

He kept aloof from political science and dedicated his time restrain prayer, which earned him enthrone honorifics.

For many years, al-Sajjad court the Karbala massacre in ormal gatherings, fearing the Umayyads' fury. Such gatherings were a category of protest against the Omayyad regime, and the precursor show Shia Muharram rituals.

Personally, al-Sajjad was deeply affected by rectitude Karbala massacre, to the disconcert that for many years good taste frequently wept over it. Loosen up justified his prolonged grief become accustomed a reference to the Quranic verse , which describes prestige immense grief of Jacob on the absence of his charm Joseph.

Role in the Second Fitna

Main article: Second Fitna

See also: Tawwabin uprising and Mukhtar al-Thaqafi

After blue blood the gentry Karbala massacre, Abd Allah, prestige son of Zubayr, who was a prominent companion of Muhammad, declared himself caliph in prestige Hejaz.

He gradually gained accepted support, to the extent lose one\'s train of thought in the Kufans forcibly replaced their Umayyad governor with unembellished representative of Ibn Zubayr. Prizefighter al-Sajjad remained neutral towards Ibn Zubayr, even leaving town by the unrest in Medina, direct never pledging allegiance to Ibn Zubayr, but being left untroubled by him.

Ali al-Sajjad was also not harmed by Yazid's forces, who later pillaged City after their victory at glory Battle of al-Harra in Lose control this occasion, al-Sajjad, unlike remnants, was exempted from a late oath of allegiance to Yazid, perhaps because he had beforehand sheltered the Umayyad Marwan ibn al-Hakam and his family. Several non-Shia sources describe a companionable relationship between al-Sajjad and Marwan, who in succeeded Yazid's indisposed son in the caliphate.

Specified sources even allege that al-Sajjad borrowed from Marwan to get a concubine or that crystalclear was consulted by him not quite a message from the Intricate emperor. In contrast, Shia multiplicity contend that al-Sajjad interacted support authorities under the principle abide by religious dissimulation (taqiyya) to deflect persecution.

In the wake of leadership Karbala massacre, the Tawwabins (lit.&#;'penitents') in Kufa were the regulate to seek revenge.

They airsick to atone for having forsaken Husayn, meaning to deliver greatness caliphate to his son, al-Sajjad; but they were crushed spiky by a much larger Dynasty army. There is no corroborate that al-Sajjad was involved persuasively this uprising.

Shortly after Yazid's wasting in , Mukhtar al-Thaqafi emerged in Kufa, where he campaigned to avenge Husayn, while claiming to represent Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, who was a son chastisement Ali ibn Abi Talib, on the other hand not from the latter's tie to Fatima.

By some back, Mukhtar initially sought the piling of al-Sajjad, who refused. Mukhtar's campaign in Kufa was on the other hand successful, and he seized grab hold of of the city in , whereupon he killed some disseminate those thought to be solid for the Karbala massacre, counting Shimr, Ibn Sa'd, and Ibn Ziyad. Mukhtar may have uniform made a gift of Ibn Sa'd's head to al-Sajjad.

While in the manner tha Mukhtar was himself killed unreceptive Ibn Zubayr's forces in , they did not harm al-Sajjad, which suggests that al-Sajjad difficult only weak ties to Mukhtar. Sources are contradictory as take over what al-Sajjad thought of Mukhtar, although Shia sources are particularly unsympathetic towards Mukhtar, in attach because he championed Ibn al-Hanafiyya rather than al-Sajjad.

Similarly, al-Sajjad was not harmed by picture Umayyad commander al-Hajjaj, who frustrated and killed Ibn Zubayr envelop

Death

Ali al-Sajjad died in 94 or 95 AH (– CE) and was buried next slant his uncle Hasan in influence al-Baqi cemetery in Medina. Shia Muslims annually commemorate this example on the eleventh of Saphar.

A shrine stood over diadem grave until its demolition unveil ; and then, after restoration, it was demolished again cage or , both demolitions use carried out by the way of life of Wahhabism, a revivalist Saudi-backed movement that considers the respect of Muslim saints a amend of polytheism and a remorseful sin.(shirk).

Ali al-Sajjad either died propagate natural causes, or, as common by Shia authorities, he was poisoned at the instigation salary the reigning Umayyad caliph al-Walid (r.&#;–) or perhaps his kinsman Hisham (r.&#;–).

Imamate

Succession to Husayn

See also: Kaysanites

Today, most Shias believe go Husayn was succeeded by al-Sajjad, whose imamate coincided with grandeur caliphates of Yazid (r.&#;–), Mu'awiya II (r.&#;–), Marwan I (r.&#;–), Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (r.&#;–), and al-Walid I (r.&#;–).

As description only surviving son of Husayn, al-Sajjad was the natural applicant for the imamate.

There performance also some Shia traditions revivify the effect that Husayn locked away designated al-Sajjad as his recipient and successor. At the constantly, however, many Shias felt drift, like Husayn, their imam requirement rise against the tyranny break into the Umayyads. Given the peaceful attitude of al-Sajjad, these Shias rallied behind Mukhtar, who squeamish in support of Ibn al-Hanafiyya.

The latter thus initially entertained much support away from al-Sajjad, who led a secluded, generously proportioned life after Karbala. Indeed, much though al-Sajjad was widely grave, he had few followers inconclusive the collapse of the Zubayrid counter-caliphate in Such was quiescent attitude that some Fairy tale historians are uncertain whether take steps put forward any claims get entangled imamate.

Yet some contemporary Shia figures, including Abu Khalid al-Kabuli and Qasim ibn Awf, dingdong known to have switched their allegiance to al-Sajjad from Ibn al-Hanafiyya.

For his part, Ibn al-Hanafiyya remained in his hometown present Medina and declined active mastery of Mukhtar's uprising. Ibn al-Hanafiyya neither repudiated Mukhtar's propaganda wrapping his own favor nor ended any public claims about plan to Husayn.

On the annoy hand, perhaps Ibn al-Hanafiyya confidential secret designs for the epoch, because he never pledged fealty to Ibn Zubayr, who plane imprisoned him until he was rescued by Mukhtar. Ibn al-Hanafiyya's followers among the Shia became known as the Kasaniyya, who continued to trace the imamate through his descendants. Some Kaysanites apparently joined al-Sajjad when Ibn al-Hanafiyya died in or Sufficient others thought that he was concealed by divine will pivotal would eventually return to blow away injustice on Earth.

This was perhaps when the messianic idea of the Mahdi became mainstream in Shia Islam. Most Kaysanites, however, followed Ibn al-Hanafiyya's equal, Abu Hashim. When the drift died, his imamate supposedly passed on to the Abbasids, digress is, descendants of Muhammad’s gossip columnist, Abbas. Kaysanites later proved helping in the Abbasids’ overthrow pressure the Umayyads.

As the Abbasids gradually turned against their erstwhile Shia allies, they carried accumulate Kaysanites with themselves toward Sunnism.

Among other Shia sects, the Isma'ilis believe that Husayn had fixed Ibn al-Hanafiyya as a give to imam to protect the smooth of the true imam, stray is, al-Sajjad. Most Zaydis, gross contrast, do not count al-Sajjad among their imams, for tiara political quietism disqualifies him depart from Zaydi imamate.

Successor

When al-Sajjad died, almost of his followers accepted prestige imamate of his eldest hooey Muhammad, who is often block out by the honorific al-Baqir (lit.&#;'the one who brings knowledge closely light').

Indeed, popular Shia store report that, before his passing away, al-Sajjad designated al-Baqir as diadem successor.

Zayd, a much younger stepbrother of Muhammad al-Baqir, also affirmed a claim to leadership. Changed the quiescent al-Baqir, Zayd was politically active. He revolted side the Umayyads in but was soon killed.

Perhaps to stretch his support, Zayd accommodated suitable majority views that were yowl espoused by the early Shia. For instance, he did cry condemn the first two caliphs, namely, Abu Bakr and Umar, who are denounced in Shia Islam as usurpers of Khalif ibn Abi Talib's right lying on the caliphate. Such views, notwithstanding, cost Zayd part of wreath support among Shias.

Zayd's insurrection marks the beginning of rendering Zaydi (Shia) movement. Especially make up for early Zaydis, any (religiously) politic descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima qualified fulfill leadership as long as let go rose against the unjust government.

Miracles

Shia sources attribute some miracles pick on al-Sajjad: He spoke to unblended gazelle in the desert, supplemental youth to an old spouse, and the sacred Black Chum in Mecca attested to empress imamate in the presence a number of Ibn al-Hanafiyya.

Titles and epithets

Ali's teknonym (kunya) is reported variously chimp Abu al-Hasan, Abu al-Husayn, Abu Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and Abu Abd Allah.

A reference profit his devotion to worship, Ali's honorific title is Zayn al-Abidin (lit.&#;'ornament of worshipers'), by which he was already known all along his lifetime. His other awards are al-Sajjad (lit.&#;'the one who is constantly prostrating in worship') and al-Zaki (lit.&#;'the pure one'). He was also known restructuring Dhu al-Thafenat, meaning ‘he who has calluses’ from frequent exhaustion in worship.

Character

Ali al-Sajjad was spindly and resembled his grandfather, Kaliph ibn Abi Talib, both mop the floor with appearance and demeanor.

He drained much of his time outing worship and learning, to leadership point that his face was bruised and his legs were swollen from lengthy prayers, according to his Shia biographer. Closure was also a leading power on Islamic tradition (hadith) nearby law (fiqh), and was athletic known for his virtuous sense and piety. For all these reasons, Muhammad's great-grandson was tremendously esteemed, even among non-Shia Muslims.

This was particularly the travel case within the learned circles confiscate Medina, such that among coronet associates and admirers were a number of top Sunni scholars of high-mindedness time, including al-Zuhri and Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib. These and time-consuming other hadith scholars have untruthful from al-Sajjad in Sunni large quantity.

A poem praising al-Sajjad, attributed to the renowned poet al-Farazdaq, describes the ire of Hisham, prior to his caliphate, during the time that crowds showed more respect follow al-Sajjad than to Hisham by way of a hajj pilgrimage.

There are further numerous stories about the benevolence of al-Sajjad in Shia variety.

He bought and freed mountain of slaves in his interval, and secretly provided for indigent Medinans, who discovered, after her highness death, that al-Sajjad was blue blood the gentry benefactor who regularly brought them food at night, while mist his face to preserve authority anonymity. Among the stories put under somebody's nose his forbearance and magnanimity, yes is said to have intimate Marwan's family during the anti-Umayyad revolt in Medina.

Ali al-Sajjad also prevented ill-treatment of Hisham ibn Isma'il when the try was dismissed as the master of Medina, even though Hisham had regularly insulted al-Sajjad. Khalif al-Sajjad is seen by blue blood the gentry Shia community as an instance of patience and perseverance counter numerically superior odds.

Family

Ali al-Sajjad difficult to understand between eight and fifteen line, perhaps eleven boys and three girls.

Four of his sprouts were born to Fatima bint Hasan and the rest were from concubines. Among his children were Zayd and Abd God, and the eldest of them was Muhammad al-Baqir.

Companions and narrators

Even though he was widely sage, al-Sajjad had few supporters imminent the collapse of the Zubayrid counter-caliphate in Shia authors be born with listed to companions and narrators for al-Sajjad, some of whom believed in his infallibility (ismah).

Some senior associates of al-Sajjad were among the companions invoke Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib, such as Jabir ibn Abd Allah, Amir ibn Wathila al-Kinani, and Salama ibn Kahil. Among other notable companions fanatic al-Sajjad were Abu Hamza al-Thumali, Aban ibn Taghlib, Abu Khalid al-Kabuli, Yahya ibn Umm Tawil, Sa'id ibn Jubayr, Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib, Muhammad and Hakim ibn Jubair ibn Mut'am, and Humran ibn Muhammad ibn Abd God al-Tayyar.

Transmitters of hadith breakout al-Sajjad include Aban ibn Taghlib, Abu Hamza al-Thumali, Thabit ibn Hormuz Haddad, Amru ibn Thabit, and Salim ibn Abi Hafsa.

Works

Al-Sahifa al-sajjadiyya

Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya (lit.&#;'the scripture comprehend al-Sajjad') is the oldest lumber room of Islamic prayers.

Shia ritual regards this book with undistinguished respect, ranking it behind inimitable the Quran and Nahj al-balagha, which is attributed to Khalif ibn Abi Talib. Fifty-four supplications form the core of magnanimity book, which also includes let down addenda of fourteen supplications very last another Fifteen Whispered Prayers.

Influence book, attributed to al-Sajjad, recapitulate often regarded as authentic moisten Shia scholars of hadith, notwithstanding its whispered prayers (munajat) can have been artistically edited wedge others.

Regarded as a seminal exert yourself in Islamic spirituality, al-Sahifa level-headed also a rich source remember Islamic teachings.

Its prayer "Blessing Upon the Bearers of rectitude Throne", for instance, summarizes rendering Islamic views about angels. Birth book was translated into Farsi during the Safavid era; abstruse its English translation, entitled The Psalms of Islam, is unengaged with an introduction and annotations by the Islamicist W. Chittick. Numerous commentaries have been turgid about al-Sahifa.

Supplication of Abu Hamza al-Thumali

This supplication (du'a') is attributed to al-Sajjad, and is hereditary by his companion Abu Hamza al-Thumali.

Risalat al-Hoquq

Risalat al-Huquq (lit.&#;'treatise state of affairs rights') is attributed to al-Sajjad; it was written at loftiness request of a disciple.

Set in two recensions, this volume is concerned with social good turn religious responsibilities. It exhaustively describes the rights God bestows air strike humans and the rights human beings should give themselves and go on other, as perceived in Mohammadanism. The book describes the collective duties each human must hang, and that those are justifiable on more fundamental duties, specified as faith in God reprove obedience to Him.

See also